Robert Fettgather, Ph.D. is an adjunct professor of psychology at Mission College and former Clinical Director of Robert Fettgather Associates, a psychology practice providing individual, couple, group and family therapy for adults and children. Robert Fettgather also holds a Ph.D in Psychology and Masters degrees in both Psychology and Special Education and received the Distinguished Alumnus Award from West Valley College. Robert Fettgather has served as Special Consultant in psychometrics to the Departments of Education and Developmental Disabilities for the State of California. He enjoys baseball.


The Cy Young Award was established in 1956, and for over a decade, the honor was awarded to a single pitcher. Don Newcombe of the Brooklyn Dodgers was MLB’s first Cy Young winner, going 27-7 during the 1956 season with an ERA of 3.06.

In 1966, Sandy Koufax became the first pitcher to win more than one Cy Young Award and consecutive awards. The following year the award expanded to include pitchers from both leagues. Bob Gibson won the National League Cy Young Award, while Denny McClain was named the American League Cy Young Award winner. Gibson’s 1.12 ERA remains the best mark since Mordecai Brown in 1906. Luis Tiant finished the same season with a 1.60 ERA for Cleveland, the best ERA for an American League pitcher since 1919, but could not compete with McClain’s 31 wins. It remains the last 30-win season in MLB history and the most wins for a Cy Young winner. In 1969, McClain tied with Mike Cuellar as American League winners, resulting in the first and only season with three award winners.

​Roger Clemens has won seven awards, more than any other pitcher, with wins spanning from 1986 to 2004. Randy Johnson ranks second with five Cy Young Awards, including four straight wins from 1999 to 2002. Fernando Valenzuela is the only player to win the Cy Young Award and Rookie of the Year honors in the same season. He led professional baseball with eight shutouts in 1981. Gaylord Perry and Roger Clemens remain the only pitchers to win the Cy Young Award at age 40 or older

Robert Fettgather is an associate faculty member at Mission College in Santa Clara, California, where he has taught courses in developmental psychology, general psychology, abnormal psychology, and developmental disabilities. Robert Fettgather's interests include current events, propaganda studies and activism.

Activism is a strategy or practice of aggressively advocating for change. Activists use different types of activism according to the situation or goal. Marching is a large, planned protest or demonstration. Marches are efficient techniques for drawing attention to a problem and putting pressure on policymakers. Marches often employ slogans, banners, and other visual aids to spread the word about a cause, and they can include speeches and singing. Disability is no obstacle to participation. Sign language users and interpreters join in and those in wheelchairs are ushered forward, "disabled to the front"!

Activists use boycotts to have a negative economic effect on a target, such as a company involved in unethical business practices. Similar to marches, boycotts are most effective when many people join. Craftivism mixes activism with crafts, allowing activists to express themselves creatively and draw attention to a problem or issue with a graphic T-shirt, a sign, or another craft.
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​Robert Fettgather has practiced meditation for more than forty years. He studied religion and spirituality at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and is co-founder of the Tashi Lhunpo Sangha, Palo Alto California. He is a member of the American Federation of Teachers and Psychologists for Social Responsibility. Robert Fettgather has taught Psychology over four decades. He has received the Santa Clara University’s Certificate of Recognition for Published Work


Let's consider our very nature.  According to authors Bee & Boyd "Three approaches to human development have influenced philosophers’ debates about developmental outcomes. These perspectives differ in their emphasis on internal factors, such as inborn tendencies, and external influences, such as parenting." These three basic philosophical concepts are original sin, innate goodness, and the blank slate.

So what do you think, are we as humans basically good, bad, or “blank”? Many would argue that we are hopelessly bad. Human history after all is replete with destruction, violence and warfare. On the other hand, our history is also filled with examples of kindness, bravery and cooperation. 

Reflection Point: How might a parent who believes in the original sin respond to and interact with a child differently than one who agrees with Rousseau who believed in innate goodness? 

Given these divergent philosophical views, it's encouraging to note that recent research promotes the notion that we are basically good. A summary of a new set of studies was published in Scientific American where the author concludes:

 "it seems that we are an overwhelmingly cooperative species,
willing to give for the good of the group even when it comes at our own personal expense".

Robert Fettgather holds a Ph.D in Psychology and Masters degrees in both Psychology and Special Education and received the Distinguished Alumnus Award from West Valley College. Robert Fettgather has served as Special Consultant in psychometrics to the Departments of Education and Developmental Disabilities for the State of California. He holds a specialist credential in learning handicapped and community college credentials in both psychology and developmental disabilities. The Institute for Personality and Ability Testing has certified Robert Fettgather as a Stress Management Trainer, and Medical Hypnosis Seminars of the Los Gatos Institute has certified him in Clinical Hypnotherapy. At Santa Clara University, Graduate Department of Education. He is a published author.

It is easy to forget! Forgetting is a natural cognitive process, but it can be frustrating when it interferes with daily life, learning, or work. Understanding the major causes of forgetting helps us develop strategies to minimize it. Psychologists have identified several key reasons for forgetting, including decay, interference, retrieval failure, and lack of proper encoding. 

The decay theory suggests that memories fade over time if they are not actively used or rehearsed. To counteract decay, it’s crucial to engage in regular review and repetition of information. Interference theory posits that new information can compete with and disrupt the retrieval of old information. This occurs in two forms: proactive interference, where old memories interfere with new learning, and retroactive interference, where new information causes forgetting of old memories. Sometimes, information is stored in the brain, but retrieval cues are insufficient to access it. This is known as retrieval failure. One of the most common reasons for forgetting is that the information was never properly encoded into memory in the first place. Shallow encoding, where information is learned superficially or without full attention, often leads to poor recall.

What to do?

Try to ​focus on deep encoding strategies, such as elaborative rehearsal—thinking critically about the meaning of the information, making connections to what you already know, and engaging in active learning techniques like summarizing or teaching the material to someone else.

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​Robert Fettgather is an instructor of psychology at Mission College. He has practiced meditation for more than forty years. Robert Fettgather studied religion and spirituality at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and is co-founder of the Tashi Lhunpo Sangha, Palo Alto California

Cognitive science has increasingly focused on understanding how dogs think, driven by their close relationship with humans and their unique cognitive abilities. Researchers employ a range of methodologies, from behavioral experiments to neuroimaging, to unravel the complexities of canine cognition. Let's take a look at the canine mind.

Dogs are remarkably adept at interpreting human gestures, such as pointing, gaze direction, and vocal commands (so  be sure to gesture as you speak to facilitate understanding). Studies show that dogs can follow human pointing to find hidden objects, indicating a level of understanding of human intent and communication. Research suggests dogs can recognize human emotions through facial expressions and vocal tones. There is a true emotional intelligence.They respond differently to happy, angry, or sad human faces and voices, demonstrating an empathetic response. Dogs learn not only through direct interaction but also by observing humans and other dogs. This observational learning is a sign of advanced social cognition.

Evidence points to dogs having a form of episodic-like memory, where they can recall specific events or experiences, especially those related to their interactions with humans. Dogs excel in operant conditioning, where they learn to associate specific behaviors with rewards or consequences. This capacity underlies their trainability and ability to perform complex tasks.

Like studies of human infants, dog studies show that dogs understand object permanence—the concept that objects continue to exist even when out of sight. This cognitive skill is fundamental to problem-solving. While not as advanced as primates, dogs have shown some ability to use simple tools and solve puzzles to obtain rewards, indicating a level of abstract thinking and reasoning.

Some dogs can learn a substantial number of words and commands, with notable cases like a Border Collie named Chaser who knew over 1,000 words. This suggests significant cognitive capabilities in language comprehension. Research is exploring whether dogs understand more complex aspects of human language, such as syntax. Early studies indicate they may grasp some structural elements of sentences, though this is still under investigation.​ Of course, we should all guard against over-comparing our own dog against those recognized superstars.

Dogs' superior sense of smell is linked to a large portion of their brain dedicated to olfactory processing. Research is delving into how dogs use this sense to interpret the world, including detecting diseases and sensing emotions. So when dog-walking be sure to pause. And occasionally vary your route to provide new scents and sights for your dog, which can be mentally stimulating.

Current cognitive science portrays dogs as highly intelligent, social, and emotionally attuned animals. Their ability to understand human cues, demonstrate empathy, learn through observation, and solve problems indicates complex cognitive processes at play. Ongoing research continues to deepen our understanding of canine cognition, revealing the profound ways in which dogs think and interact with their world and with humans. This growing body of knowledge not only enriches our appreciation of dogs but also enhances our ability to train, care for, and bond with them.

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​Robert Fettgather is an instructor of psychology at Mission College. He has published numerous articles in the field. Robert Fettgather is interested in myths and fairytales, their meaning and interpretation.

Fairy tales have captivated the human imagination for centuries, weaving enchanting narratives of heroes, villains, and magical realms. Beyond their role as mere entertainment, these timeless stories possess a profound psychological depth, offering insights into the human condition and serving as potent tools for healing and self-discovery in the realm of psychotherapy. In this article, we delve into the therapeutic applications of fairy tales, exploring how these ancient narratives can unlock the door to profound transformation and personal growth.

One of the remarkable qualities of fairy tales is their universality. These stories transcend cultural boundaries, resonating with people from diverse backgrounds and across generations. Whether it's the story of Cinderella, Snow White, or the Wizard of Oz, fairy tales speak to fundamental human experiences such as love, loss, resilience, and redemption. As such, they provide a rich tapestry of symbols and archetypes that psychotherapists can draw upon to facilitate healing and insight.

Fairy tales offer a treasure trove of wisdom and insight that can enrich the therapeutic journey. From their timeless narratives to their profound symbolism, these ancient stories provide a fertile ground for exploration, healing, and transformation in the context of psychotherapy. By harnessing the magic of fairy tales, therapists can guide clients on a journey of self-discovery, empowerment, and healing, unlocking the door to profound insights and newfound resilience on the path to wholeness.

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Robert Fettgather has taught at San Jose State University, National University and Mission College in Santa Clara.He has addressed State and National Conferences on a variety of topics.  At Santa Clara University, Graduate Department of Education and Counseling Psychology, Robert Fettgather's studies included Health Education and Behavioral Medicine. He has completed Hospice Training with Hospice of the Valley. He is a student of baseball history.

Shoeless Joe Jackson, a name synonymous with baseball greatness, is forever entwined with the infamous Black Sox Scandal of 1919. History has cast a shadow on his legacy, so let's delve into the complexities of Joe Jackson's involvement in the scandal and make a case for reevaluating his place in baseball history.

One of the key reasons to defend Shoeless Joe Jackson lies in the ambiguities and contradictions surrounding the Black Sox Scandal. Jackson's exceptional performance during the 1919 World Series, where he recorded a batting average of .375 and committed no errors, seems incongruous with the notion that he deliberately played to lose. The inconclusive evidence raises questions about the accuracy of the allegations against him.

Supporters of Shoeless Joe Jackson argue that even if he was aware of the plot to fix the Series, his actual involvement was minimal compared to other implicated players. Some accounts suggest that Jackson reluctantly accepted money but did not actively contribute to the intentional loss of games. This nuanced perspective prompts consideration of whether his punishment was commensurate with his level of involvement. Some argue that Jackson, with his modest upbringing, may not have fully grasped the implications of his actions or the severity of the consequences. Acknowledging the socioeconomic context adds a layer of compassion to the discussion.

​As baseball enthusiasts and historians reconsider the legacy of Shoeless Joe Jackson, a balanced and nuanced perspective may reveal a more sympathetic portrayal of a baseball legend who, despite his flaws, warrants a reevaluation of his place in the annals of the sport.

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The Just World Hypothesis (JWH) is a psychological concept that explores the human tendency to believe that the world is inherently just, and individuals generally get what they deserve. Coined by psychologist Melvin Lerner in the 1960s, this hypothesis delves into the cognitive processes that shape people's perceptions of fairness and justice in the world around them. So is it a fair world?

At its core, the Just World Hypothesis reflects a cognitive bias that leads individuals to assume that good actions are rewarded, and bad actions are punished. This belief serves as a cognitive mechanism to make sense of the complexities and uncertainties in life. The idea of a just world provides individuals with a sense of order, predictability, and control over their environment.

One of the key elements of the Just World Hypothesis is the process of attribution. Individuals tend to attribute events, both positive and negative, to the perceived moral character of those involved. For instance, if someone experiences success or prosperity, it is often attributed to their virtues, while failure or misfortune is frequently seen as a consequence of personal flaws or immoral behavior.

The Just World Hypothesis significantly influences how individuals perceive and interact with others in society. It can lead to victim-blaming, where individuals who have experienced unfortunate events are unfairly judged or held responsible for their circumstances. This phenomenon can be observed in various contexts, from poverty and homelessness to illness or victimization.

Here is a cautionary note: The Just World Hypothesis may contribute to a passive acceptance of social inequalities. People may be less inclined to address systemic issues or advocate for social justice if they believe that individuals are solely responsible for their own fate. This mindset can hinder collective efforts to create a fair and equitable society.

The belief in a just world serves as a coping mechanism, providing individuals with a sense of security and control. Accepting that the world operates justly can alleviate anxiety stemming from the unpredictability of life events. However, this coping mechanism can have detrimental effects when it leads to denial or dismissal of systemic injustices.

While the Just World Hypothesis offers insights into human cognitive processes, it has faced criticism for oversimplifying complex social phenomena. Critics argue that this cognitive bias may perpetuate victim-blaming and discourage empathy and societal change. Acknowledging the role of external factors and systemic influences is crucial for a more comprehensive understanding of justice and fairness.

The Just World Hypothesis, though a natural cognitive inclination, raises important questions about the ways individuals perceive and navigate the complexities of life. Recognizing this bias is essential for fostering empathy, promoting social justice, and understanding the broader influences that shape our worldview. As society grapples with ongoing challenges related to equity and justice, an awareness of the Just World Hypothesis can prompt thoughtful reflection on our individual and collective responsibilities in creating a fair and compassionate world. It seems we have a long way to go.

A graduate of San Jose State University and Santa Clara University, Robert Fettgather is an associatefaculty member at Mission College in Santa Clara, California. Robert Fettgather also holds membership in several associations, including the Psychologists for Social Responsibility (PsySR). 
​A health enthusiast, Robert Fettgather is interested in optimal lifestyle habits at various stages of lifespan.

Middle age marks a pivotal stage in the lifespan where individuals are faced with the challenges of balancing career, family, and personal well-being. It can be overwhelming! Cultivating positive lifestyle habits during this period becomes crucial for maintaining physical health, mental resilience, and overall happiness. In this essay, we will explore some of the best lifestyle habits for middle age that contribute to a fulfilling and vibrant life.

Regular Exercise:
Engaging in regular physical activity is paramount for maintaining health and vitality in middle age. A combination of aerobic exercises, strength training, and flexibility exercises helps to enhance cardiovascular health, muscle strength, and joint flexibility. Exercise also plays a pivotal role in managing stress, reducing the risk of chronic diseases, and promoting a healthy weight. Most of us will get off-track on any exercise program-the most important thing is to notice and get right back on track. 

Balanced Nutrition:
A well-balanced diet is the cornerstone of a healthy lifestyle. Middle age often comes with metabolic changes, making it essential to focus on nutrient-dense foods. Emphasizing a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats supports optimal physical and cognitive function. Adequate hydration is equally crucial to maintain overall health.

Adequate Sleep:
Quality sleep is a powerful contributor to well-being. Middle-aged individuals should prioritize getting 7-9 hours of sleep per night. Sufficient rest enhances cognitive function, mood regulation, and immune system function. Establishing a consistent sleep routine, creating a comfortable sleep environment, and avoiding stimulants before bedtime are essential practices for achieving restful sleep.

Stress Management:
Middle age often brings increased responsibilities, which can lead to heightened stress levels. Adopting effective stress management techniques, such as meditation, deep breathing exercises, or mindfulness, is crucial. Cultivating hobbies, spending time in nature, and fostering positive social connections are additional strategies to alleviate stress and promote emotional well-being.

Regular Health Check-ups:
Proactive health maintenance involves regular check-ups and screenings. Middle-aged individuals should monitor key health indicators, such as blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood sugar. Early detection of potential health issues allows for timely intervention and can significantly impact long-term health outcomes.

Social Engagement:
Nurturing social connections is fundamental for mental and emotional health. Middle age often brings changes in social dynamics, and maintaining close relationships with family and friends becomes increasingly important. Engaging in social activities, volunteering, or joining clubs and groups fosters a sense of belonging and emotional support.

Continual Learning and Mental Stimulation:
Keeping the mind active and engaged is essential for cognitive health. Pursuing lifelong learning, whether through formal education, reading, or engaging in intellectually stimulating activities, helps preserve cognitive function and contributes to a sense of fulfillment and purpose. Regular reading of both fiction and non-fiction works is a nice habit to build and maintain through the adult years.

Final Thoughts:
Middle age presents a pivotal opportunity to establish and reinforce positive lifestyle habits that contribute to a healthy and fulfilling life. By prioritizing regular exercise, balanced nutrition, adequate sleep, stress management, regular health check-ups, social engagement, and continual learning, individuals can navigate middle age with resilience and well-being. These habits not only impact immediate health but also lay the foundation for a vibrant and satisfying later life. Embracing these practices empowers individuals to age gracefully, maintaining both physical and mental vitality!

​Dr. Robert Fettgather has served as Special Consultant in psychometrics to the Departments of Education and Developmental Disabilities for the State of California. He holds a specialist credential in learning handicapped and community college credentials in both learning and developmental disabilities.The Institute for Personality and Ability Testing has certified Robert Fettgather as a Stress Management Trainer, and Medical Hypnosis Seminars of the Los Gatos Institute has certified him in Clinical Hypnotherapy. In his spare time, Robert Fettgather follows major league baseball. 

​The history of the curveball in baseball is a fascinating tale of innovation, deception, and the application of physics to a sport. It all began in the mid-19th century when baseball was still evolving as a game. Players quickly realized the need for variety in their pitching, and the curveball was born.

 Over the years, pitchers have developed various types of curveballs, including the 12-6 curveball, which breaks sharply vertically, and the sweeping curveball, which has more lateral movement. They achieved these variations by tweaking the grip, release, and arm angles. Pitchers like Sandy Koufax and Clayton Kershaw are known for their devastating curveballs.​

Today, the curveball remains a staple of a pitcher's repertoire, and its history is a testament to the fusion of baseball strategy, human ingenuity, and an understanding of the physics of spin and aerodynamics. It continues to be a mesmerizing aspect of the game, delighting fans and confounding batters alike.

Of course, the curveball has not been without its controversies. Early detractors argued that it was an illegal pitch, as it involved unnatural motion!